Knowledge and decisions, p.64
Knowledge And Decisions, page 64
Hobbes, Thomas, 155, 378
Holiday Inn, 85
Holland, 354
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 238-239 Homicide, 270, 274. See also Death Penalty, Murder, Punishment
accidental, 284
data, 284
international comparisons, 275, 277 intertemporal comparisons, 274, 275, 354 terminally ill patients and homicide laws, 130-131,270
vehicular,284
Honesty, 37, 158. See also Lying; Tactical agnosticism "noble" deception, 281, 293
social capital, 37
Hong Kong, 92
Honor, 91, 104
Hoped-for results, 65, 116, 119, 120, 121, 152, 168, 173, 214, 230, 265-266, 330, 331, 332, 339
House of Representatives, 318 Housing, 88-89, 176-180, 192-193, 201-202, 247, 248, 319
Houston, 201
Huckleberry Finn, 347
Human capital, 59-60, 257
Hume, David, 98
Humphrey, Hubert, 217, 250, 374 Hypotheses, 220, 258, 274, 356, 358 Ibos, 163
Ideas, 3, 4-6, 8, 150
Ideology. 43, 107, 187, 216, 353, 354, 370, 376, 378. See also Communism; Facism; Racism; Socialism
Illusions, 4-5
Imperialism, 155, 227, 356
Incentives, 14-16, 56, 136, 141, 158-159, 220, 222, 259-260, 282. 294, 334, 339-340, 379
and constraints, 14, 22, 44, 125, 142, 144, 146, 147, 150, 155, 188, 189, 195, 198, 199, 209, 234, 339, 361, 375 conductivity, 111
fungibility, 111, 218, 229
Income, 35, 76-78, 154, 329-338, 344, 355356 "Income distribution" metaphor, 76-78, 154, 330
Incremental decisions, 18, 26-28, 218, 240, 261, 337. See also Categorical decisions Incumbents, 132-134. 169, 178, 186-187, 191, 196, 200, 211
India, 312
Indians, American, 251, 257, 258, 358 Indicators of performance, 15-16 Individualism, 4, 43, 105, 106, 107 Individualizing decisions. See also Sorting and labeling
criminal sentencing, 282
judging each person as an individual, 86, 92, 328
Inflation, 120, 325
Informal processes, 23-30, 40 Innovation, 37-38
Institutions, 41, 67-68, 155, 265-266, 287, 312-313, 325
advantages and disadvantages, 21, 36, 41- 42,242-243,303
economic, 32-36, 37, 41-42
formal, 21, 22, 31-40, 378
hierarchical, 12-13, 18, 27, 378 informal, 21, 22, 23-25, 241-242, 378 judicial, 36, 39
mandated purpose and diminishing returns, 263, 266
political, 36-39
"Insurance" behavior, 24, 106, 130, 137, 197 Insurgents, 120, 147-149, 153 defined, 147, 153
post-victory internal conflicts, 148, 153, 290, 314
Integration, racial, 260
Intellectual process, 334-338, 343-344, 346 Intellectuals, 8, 9, 20, 165, 277, 302-303, 305, 321, 325-326, 331-367, 382. See also Experts; Intellectual process academics, 44, 90, 353
American, 369, 371
defined, 332-333, 339
demoralization, 355, 377
devisiveness, 350, 355
egocentricity, 354, 364
fashions, 348-349, 361
freedom conceived as intellectual freedom, 370, 379, 383
freedom of others opposed, 351, 382
historical roles, 349-352
incentives, 339-340, 349, 351, 363, 364 insinuation, 205
international comparisons, 277
partisanship, 165
political role, 325-326, 346
"relevance," 340, 341-348
religious, 349-350
vs. competing elites, 165, 340, 354, 356, 359, 363, 366, 376-377
vision, 352-367, 377
Intelligence, 334, 345-349
I.Q., 89, 264, 345-349
racial differences, 264, 346-348, 358
Intention, 148, 238, 258, 337 animistic fallacy, 97-98, 390 (note 7) vs. systemic causation, 103, 252, 256, 264 Interest group. See Special interests Internal Revenue Service, 37 Interstate Commerce Commission (I.C.C.), 133, 134, 170, 188, 195, 196, 199, 232 Inventory, 68, 170, 224, 394 (note 138) Investment, 25, 37, 59-60
economic, 25, 59-60
social, 31, 59-60
Irrationality, 29, 94, 106, 141, 146, 169, 185 Irish-Americans, 92, 251, 252, 265 Italian-Americans, 99, 251, 252, 265 Italy, 106
Japan, 47, 271, 275, 277-278, 280, 320, 372, 375, 376
Japanese-Americans, 91, 92, 269 Jefferson, Thomas, 296, 315 Jensen, Arthur R., 348
Jewish-Americans, 92, 99, 100, 251, 252, 257, 264, 265, 347
Jews, 12, 69, 163, 347
Jitney taxis, 185
Johnson, Lyndon B., 188, 249, 253 Judicial Activism, 231, 239, 240, 243, 248, 249, 254, 256, 261-264, 276, 280, 285, 289-299, 323, 383
Congressional intent, 250, 253, 255-256, 262, 263-264, 291, 293, 321-322 educational role of courts, 296 Jefferson, Thomas, 296
partisanship, 301-302
rationale, 290, 291, 293, 295, 296 "results" vs. principles, 249, 267, 296, 300, 303
Judicial restraint, 295
"Just price," 67
Justice, 330, 369-370. See also Crime; Law; Merit; Morality; Social Justice Justice Department, 202, 252 Kaiser Corporation, 255, 256 Kennedy Airport, 189, 190 Kennedy, Edward M., 266
Kennedy, John F., 249, 253 Keynes, John Maynard, 102, 358 Kirk, Russell, 366
Knowledge
authentication, 3
complexity, 3
cost, 8, 25, 26, 28, 208, 271, 272, 294, 300, 311, 318
cost differences, 13, 14, 26, 33, 40, 87, 133, 139, 179, 207, 237, 253, 318, 319, 362 dispersion, 7-8, 17, 48, 61-63, 150, 300 economizing 7-8, 33, 138, 218, 309 force as distorter, 167, 172-173, 174, 175, 178, 185-186
general, 13-14
"higher" and "lower," 9
meaning of knowing, 8-11, 48, 56 misinformation, 4, 220
quantity, 6-8, 9, 10
specific, 13-14, 61
trends, 10
Kodak, 141, 208
Kristol, Irving, 366
Kulaks, 163
Labor Department, 250, 252 Labor unions, 186, 198-199, 202 Land use, 201-202
Landlords, 178, 179, 180
Laos, 369
Laredo, 258
Latin, 334
Law, 157-158, 229-304. See also Constitution; Courts; Property Rights.
administrative, 232-236, 253, 299
Anglo-Saxon, 253, 271-272, 297
antitrust, 129, 169, 171, 202-213, 225, 353 burden of proof, 131, 206, 234, 236, 250, 251, 252, 263, 302
comprehensibility, 140
contracts, 31, 34, 140, 192, 193-194 costs, 236-237
criminal, 269-288, 299, 330, 354, 383 defining boundaries vs. specifying results, 122, 231, 240, 244, 303
"due process," 24, 95, 245, 247, 273, 296299, 301-302, 328 evidence, 271-272, 276, 277
international comparisons, 277-278, 280 judges, 229
Law, (continued)
lawyers, 229
liability, 35, 112
partisanship, 236
police, 272, 278. 330
precedents, 267, 271
prescriptive, 233, 235
'"public interest" law firms, 230 quantity of legal action, 229-230, 232, 246, 275, 276, 277, 229
rights, 36, 40, 122-131, 236, 238, 259, 316 rigidities, 31-32, 36, 39-40
Lee, Robert E., 347
Lenin, V. I., 69, 227, 308, 352 Leontief, Wassily, 217
Lester, Richard A., 389 (note 2), 390 (note 7) Liberalism, 38, 297, 299, 302, 357, 366-367 Lincoln, Abraham, 81, 82, 115, 268 Life (magazine), 71, 205
Lindbergh, Charles A., 24
Lindblom, Charles E., 387 (note 4) Lippmann, Walter, 346, 358 Lloyd Corporation v. Tanner, 245 Locke, John, 155
London, 220, 223, 275
Los Angeles, 96, 198, 209
Lying, See also Tactical agnosticism "noble," 281, 293
on principle, 311-313
Lysenko, Trofim D., 307
McCarthy era, 322
Machlup, Fritz, 389 (note 2), 390 (note 7) Madison, James, 381
Magna Carta, 315
Mallory v. United States, 271 Malthus, Thomas Robert, 341-343 Mandated jurisdictions, 140-141, 142, 144, 266
Mandated purposes and diminishing returns, 141, 144
Mandatory retirement, 192, 194 Mae Tse-tung, 307
Marbury v. Madison, 289
March of Dimes, 141
"Market" decision making, 41-42, 119-120, 143, 185, 359
Marsh v. Alabama, 239-244 Marshall, Thurgood, 255, 266 Marx, Karl, ix, 98, 99, 103, 107-108, 153-54. 155, 218, 219, 308, 310, 311, 341, 352 Marxism, 69, 70-71, 155, 218-219, 226-227, 293, 301, 308, 358
exploitation theory, 70-71, 225-227 historic role, 308
prices under socialism, 219 systemic analysis, 98, 99, 100, 103, 153-154, Massachusetts Bay Colony, 316 Media of Mass Communications, 144-145, 295, 364-365, 382
"Megalopolis,". 201
Merit, 75-77, 103, 224, 357
Metaphors
"the market," 41
force, 118, 151, 186
"income distribution," 76-78, 154, 330 "society," 11, 12, 15, 21, 41, 57, 61, 79, 114, 146, 153, 188, 254, 256, 258, 281 Mexican-Americans, 257, 258 Middle Ages, 11
Middle Man, 35-36, 68, 201, 224, 240, 258 function, 68-69, 224-225, 240 unpopularity, 35, 68-69
Military, 4, 16, 18, 91, 191, 193, 322, 371-377, 383
nuclear weapons, 4, 368, 371, 372, 373, 376, 377
"overkill," 372-373
Mill, John Stuart, 59, 98, 107, 322, 351, 370 Milliken v. Bradley, 263
Ming dynasty, 350
Minimum wage laws, 73, 126, 168-169, 173, 174, 175, 176, 181, 353, 390 (note 8) "Minorities." See also Ethnicity and race concept, 254
government-designated, 251-252 Mississippi, 258, 273
Monarchy, 42, 109
Money, 35, 47, 58, 67, 78, 80, 94, 104, 111, 218, 337
Monitoring, 39. 55-56, 65-66, 106, 111-112, 125, 137, 142, 144, 180, 191, 197, 209, 215-226, 261, 298, 347, 365. See also Self-monitoring monitors
Monopoly, 119, 144, 184, 189, 195, 202-203, 204, 205, 206, 209, 245, 378
Morality, 95, 107-110, 154, 174, 197, 223, 285-286, 295, 317, 335, 340, 342, 358, 369, 383. See also Merit; Justice; Social Justice
destructive, 107-108
differential rectitude (moral superiority), 179, 358, 380, 381
diminishing returns, 107, 108
as social capital, 37, 107
vs, causation, 257, 258, 356, 357
vs, freedom, 358, 378
vs. social benefits, 108, 109
Moscow, 220, 221
Murder, 276, 283, 284. See also Death penalty; Punishment data, 274, 275
ethnicity and race, 287-288
international comparisons, 275, 277 intertemporal comparisons, 274, 275, 354 race and ethnicity, 287-288
recidivism among murderers, 286
sex differences, 288
victims, 287
Mussolini, Benito, 307
Myths, 5
Nader, Ralph, 365
Nagasaki, 320
Napoleon, 169, 170, 352
Nation (journal), 352, 376
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 142, 230, 265, National Maritime Commission, 233 Nazis, 82, 155, 163, 166, 216, 235, 244, 309, 314, 327, 341, 372, 379
"Need," 189-190, 193, 196, 200, 217, 337, 386 (note 2)
Neo-Conservatives, 366
New Deal, 232, 306, 325, 352, 357, 375, 379 New Hampshire, 201
New Republic (journal), 352 New Statesman (journal), 352 New York City, 96, 131, 132, 178-179, 180, 182, 184, 194, 200, 201, 258, 265, 274, 275, 320
Newness, 228, 291
Nixon, Richard M., 253, 295, 322 Normandy, 376
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 373
Nuclear era, 312, 320, 368, 373, 376-377 Objectivity, 20, 49, 52, 61, 67, 167, 172, 178, 182, 190, 191, 192, 202, 204, 205, 208, 216, 217, 323, 360
statistics, 169, 170, 202
values, 51
Occupational licensing, 200-201 Office of Education, 262
Office of Federal Contract Compliance, 255, 256
Oil, 61, 75-76, 103-104, 179. See also Gasoline Omniscience, 76, 137, 224
Optimality, 72-78, 79, 81, 145, 154, 186, 188, 270-271
Options, 55, 128, 152, 167, 168, 173, 192-193, 194. See also Transactions thwarted Order vs. design, 98, 217. See also Systematic analysis; Systematic processes Organized crime, 92-83
"Oxford Pledge," 376
Pabst Brewing Company, 209 Pacific Southwest Airlines (P.S.A.), 198 "Package deal" decisions, 18, 28, 33, 34, 40, 243, 324
Pagans, 349, 377
Parents, 37, 83, 101, 111, 112 Pareto optimality, 72
"Participation," 121, 340, 367 Partisanship vs. bias, 301-302 Patman, Wright, 211
Pearl Harbor, 4, 20, 48, 372, 376 Penalties. See Incentives, and constraints; Punishment
Pennsylvania, 316
Performance indicators, 15-16
Ph.D.'s, 8, 260
Philippines, 376
Phillips, U. B., 151
Photography, 10, 33, 141, 203-204, 205, 207, 208
Physical fallacy, 67-72, 285-286
Pintner, Rudolf, 346
"Planning," 98, 195, 213-227, 228
Plato, 367
Pluralism, 43, 244
Police, 272, 278, 330
Polish-Americans, 251, 257
Politics, 12, 36-39, 114-149, 154, 164, 177, 305-383. See also Democracy; Government; Totalitarianism corruption, 138, 139, 140, 187, 188
freedom, 115-122, 320-322, 331, 349-352, 368-383
charismatic, 132
machines, 131-132, 138-140, 383
reformers, 139
temporal bias, 132-136, 253
time horizon, 131, 133
trade-offs, 114-149
Portugal, 369
Post Office, 171, 183, 189
Posterity, 5
Pound, Ezra, 352
Poverty, 78, 343, 355, 356
Powell, Lewis F., 254
Power, 279, 326-331, 363-364. See also Force concentration, 363, 365-366, 367, 369 Precisional fallacy, 291-292, 324 Preferences
revealed by behavior, 53, 128, 174, 365 third-party, 52, 202, 219, 360
Present value, 39, 158
Price, 80, 341
below cost, 143, 168-171, 210
conveys knowledge, 38, 78, 79, 80, 167-168, 171, 174, 176, 177, 181, 189, 190, 191, 195, 216, 242
Price control, 168-191, 382
Price discrimination, 183-184, 202, 392 (note 91)
Priorities, 50, 216, 217
Privilege, 42, 109, 388 (note 17) Probability, 63, 84-85
Problem," 42, 154, 185, 215, 303, 334, 336337, 354 Process assessment vs. result assessment, 121, 239, 363, 365
Process vs. result, 38-39, 120, 141, 142, 152, 215-216, 363, 383
Product differences, 206-208
Profit, 66, 76, 197-198, 206, 209, 224, 225. See also Residual claimants
Property rights, 39, 109, 152, 187, 191, 193, 196, 222, 240, 245, 247
capitalism, 123, 126
confiscation, 39, 191-192, 194, 298 social role, 124-125, 126, 187, 391 (note 33) socialism, 123, 124, 152, 391 (note 33) vs. human rights, 388 (note 18)
Prospective vs. retrospective concepts, 23, 28, 43, 66-67, 88, 104, 172, 182, 202, 204, 250, 257, 258, 262, 263
opportunity, 250, 262
"control" of markets, 205
survivors as misleading sample, 70-71 segregation, 262-263
statistical data, 216
Protestant Reformation, 350 Proudhon, Pierre J., 218-219 Public Health Service, 144
"Public interest" organizations, 152, 198, 230, 265-266
Public opinion, 253, 265, 268, 295-296, 302, 322, 323, 354, 355, 379, 382 "Public" television, 364-365 Puerto Ricans, 251
Punishment, 94, 95, 215, 269, 270, 274, 277, 278, 279, 280, 288, 292
Puritans, 316
Quakers, 316
Quality control, 139, 207
Quality variations, 180, 181, 214 Quotas, 252
Race and ethnicity, 27, 246-269, 346-348, 358, 399 (note 189)
Racial integration, 260, 262 Racism, 175, 266, 274, 348 Railroads, 183, 196, 199, 232 Ranking vs. distingushing, 117, 118 Rape, 236, 271, 273
Rationalism, 102, 103
Rationality, 26, 100, 101, 102, 113, 139, 140,
150, 151, 169, 171, 185, 186-187, 190191, 193, 197, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 287, 288, 340, 360. See also Irrationality
Rawls, John, 118, 331
"Realism," 293, 323
Red Cross, 68, 147, 249
Reformers, 138-140, 143
Regents of the University of California v. Allan Bakke, 253-256, 293 Regulatory agencies, 15, 148, 170, 171, 187,
188, 191, 194-200, 232, 383
Rehnquist, William, 255-256
Reitman v. Mulkey, 248
"Relevance," 340, 341-348
Religion, 43, 97-98, 377. See also Christianity; God
Rent control, 176-180, 194, 353
Republican Party, 253
Residual claimants, 64-67, 164, 166, 189
Responsibility, 363-364
Retirement, 194
Retrospective concepts. See Prospective vs.
retrospective concepts
Rewards. See Incentives
Rhode Island, 263
Rights, 36, 40, 122-131, 236, 238, 316
benefits, 128, 129, 236, 316
costs, 127-128, 129, 236, 259 defined, 122
defining boundaries rather than specifying results, 122
equal, 126-129
general, 129-131
property, 122-126
property vs. human, 388 (note 18) special, 126-129, 259
Risk, 31, 60-63, 76, 127, 164, 179, 182 Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore, 378 Robinson-Patman Act, 202, 210-212, 213, 225, 234, 235, 322
Rodbertus, Karl Johann, 219 Rogers, Will, 3
Rolls Royce, 119
Roman Empire, 153,349-350,374 bureaucracy, 294, 322
Christianity, 153, 307, 349-350 decline and fall, 384, 377
emperors, 374
enemies, 374
intellectuals, 349-350, 363, 374 internal conflict, 349-350, 374 military strength, 374
succession of leadership, 42
tolerance, 307, 349
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 323, 327. See also New Deal
Rowan, Carl, 266
Royalty, 42, 109
Rules, 22, 32, 111, 112, 137, 138, 142, 145, 157, 180
Russia, 164, 169, 170, 322, 360. See also Soviet Union
Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira, 369 Salt Lake City, 196
San Francisco, 198, 265
Santayana, George, 352
Sartre, jean-Paul, 352
Savannah,223
