Trailed, p.31
Trailed, page 31
85 twelve to fifteen hours: Ibid.
86 “This is ridiculous”: A. J. Plunkett, “Probe of Deaths Oddly Quiet,” Times-Dispatch (Richmond, VA), June 23, 1996.
Chapter 7
89 “It took us”: “Questions Remain in Shenandoah Case,” Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, VA), June 6, 1996.
89 “Spokesperson Paul Pfenninger”: Rajiv Chandrasekaran and Tod Robberson, “Throats of Shenandoah Hikers Were Slashed, Authorities Say,” Washington Post, June 5, 1996, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1996/06/05/throats-of-shenandoah-hikers-were-slashed-authorities-say/e89a30d7-dd2f-4bcc-a50b-ecc803c2e603/.
89 “We can’t pin down”: “Lesbian Hikers Slain,” Washington Blade, June 7, 1996.
89 “shocked” to hear: David Rered, “Murders Spark Fear among Hikers,” Associated Press, June 5, 1996.
89 “We’ll feel safer”: John Rivera, “Hikers Are Uneasy after Two Slayings along Path,” Baltimore Sun, June 8, 1996.
Chapter 8
95 discover her body: As it turned out, Largay became lost after following the Appalachian Trail Conservancy’s mandate that hikers go at least two hundred feet off the trail to relieve themselves. Largay, who was on a Maine section of the trail at the time, hiked in vain for several days, hoping to find cell reception. She eventually set up camp near a small stream. She survived for at least fourteen days on three days of food. During that time, she kept a journal that recorded her attempts to be found and, eventually, farewell letters to her family. Working with them, I detailed the search for Largay and the eventual discovery of her body and the remaining journal in a series of articles for the Boston Globe from 2014 to 2016.
Chapter 10
109 “endless woods”: William Wordsworth, “An Evening Walk,” Wordsworth’s Poetry and Prose, ed. Nicholas Halmi (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013), 443.
110 “absolute freedom and wildness”: Henry David Thoreau, “Walking.” Thoreau: Collected Essays and Poems (Washington, DC: Library of America, 2001), 225.
111 “How womankind”: Ibid., 231.
111 “a dropping out of”: Edward H. Clark, Sex in Education; or, A Fair Chance for Girls (Project Gutenberg eBook; first published 1875), accessed July 14, 2020, www.gutenberg.org/files/18504/18504-h/18504-h.htm.
112 “outdoor pursuits”: Ibid.
112 duties and timetables: John M. Gould, How to Camp Out: Hints for Camping and Walking (Project Gutenberg eBook; first published 1877), accessed July 14, 2020, www.gutenberg.org/files/17575/17575-h/17575-h.htm.
112 schoolhouses or sawmills: Ibid.
113 “nativism and masculinity”: Ben Jordan, “ ‘Conservation of Boyhood’: Boy Scouting’s Modest Manliness and Natural Resource Conservation, 1910–1930,” Environmental History 15, no. 4 (2010): 612–42, 617.
113 remain wholly separate: Wilma Miranda and Rita Yerkes, “The History of Camping Women in the Professionalization of Experiential Education,” in Women’s Voices in Experiential Education, ed. Karen Warren (Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt, 1996), 63–77.
113 Military-inspired language: Silas Chamberlin, On the Trail: A History of American Hiking (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016).
113 veteran Paul Petzoldt: McKay Jenkins, The Last Ridge: The Epic Story of America’s First Mountain Soldiers and the Assault on Hitler’s Europe (New York: Random House, 2004).
114 “There was a strong”: Qtd. in Joshua L. Miner and Joseph R. Boldt, Outward Bound USA (Seattle: Mountaineer Books, 2002), 289.
114 practice emotional stoicism: Jay Kennedy and Constance Russell, “Hegemonic Masculinity in Outdoor Education,” Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, April 2020, doi.org/10.1080/14729679.2020.1755706.
116 sexist and exclusionary programming: For more on this research, see Karen Warren, Denise Mitten, Chiara D’Amore, and Erin Lotz, “The Gendered Hidden Curriculum of Adventure Education,” Journal of Experiential Education 42, no. 2 (June 2019): 140–54; Alison Lugg, “Women’s Experience of Outdoor Education: Still Trying to Be ‘One of the Boys?,’ ” in Whose Journeys? The Outdoor and Adventurous Social and Cultural Phenomena: Critical Explorations of Relations between Individuals, ‘Other’ and the Environment, ed. Barbara Humberstone, Heather Brown, and Kaye Richards (London: Institute for Outdoor Learning, 2003); and Sheryl Clark, “Running into Trouble: Constructions of Danger and Risk in Girls’ Access to Outdoor Space and Physical Activity,” Sport, Education and Society 20, no. 8 (2015): 1012–28.
116 A recent study: Jamie N. McNiel, Deborah A. Harris, and Kristi M. Fondren, “Women and the Wild”: Gender Socialization in Wilderness Recreation Advertising,” Gender Issues 29 (November 2012): 1–4.
Chapter 11
129 for its missteps: The dialogue that follows is taken verbatim from the hearing transcript: US Senate, “Hearing before the Subcommittee on Parks, Historic Preservation, and Recreation of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on S.1703 to Amend the Act Establishing the National Park Foundation,” 104th Cong., 2nd Sess. (June 6, 1996).
129 “Can you tell”: Ibid.
130 “Obviously, neither”: Ibid.
130 “It’s safe to assume”: Lisa K. Garcia, “Hikers’ Killer Going Home,” Roanoke (VA) Times, September 25, 1996.
132 “Finding their killer”: Associated Press, “Parents Visit Crime Scene,” Daily Press (Newport News, VA), September 19, 1996.
132 “One [reporter] asked”: Sue Fox, “FBI Deflects Questions in Hiker Slayings,” Washington Blade, September 20, 1996.
133 and ready access: NCAVC, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime Affidavit: Considerations Regarding Homicides—Julie Williams and Lollie Winans (report, Department of Justice, Washington, DC, 1996).
Chapter 12
136 “You’d really have”: Associated Press, “As Latest Bodies Identified, Fear Pervasive in Hamlet,” Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, VA), September 26, 1996.
137 “The glaring factor”: Michael D. Shear, “Body Found, Renewing Town’s Fears,” Washington Post, September 24, 1996.
137 “Offenders like this”: Associated Press, “Who Is the 29 Stalker?” Free Lance–Star (Fredericksburg, VA), September 22, 2002.
137 “The likelihood”: Associated Press, “Slayings Have Similarities, Expert Says,” Free Lance–Star (Fredericksburg, VA), September 25, 1996.
139 “seventy-seven million”: “Thousands of Hikers Take Back the Trails,” Daily Press (Newport News, VA), May 30, 1997.
143 “There have been”: “Serial Killer Fears Renewed after Mistake Handling Evidence Revealed,” News Leader (Staunton, VA), June 4, 1997.
Chapter 13
157 cues and norms: Associated Press, “Slayings Have Similarities, Expert Says,” Free Lance–Star (Fredericksburg, VA), September 25, 1996.
158 hold down regular jobs: John Douglas, Ann W. Burgess, Allen G. Burgess, and Robert K. Ressler, Crime Classification Manual: A Standard System for Investigating and Classifying Violent Crimes, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2006).
158 collection of pornography: Jeffrey Rinek, In the Name of the Children: An FBI Agent’s Relentless Pursuit of the Nation’s Worst Predators (Dallas: BenBella Books, 2018).
Chapter 14
168 “flaunting their sexuality”: Qtd. in H. L. Polman, The Whole Truth? A Case of Murder on the Appalachian Trail (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999), 198.
169 After six hours: David Margolick, “Lorena Bobbitt Acquitted in Mutilation of Husband,” New York Times, January 22, 1994.
169 “You opened up”: Abbe Smith, “On Representing a Victim of Crime,” in Law Stories: Law, Meaning, and Violence, ed. Garry Gellow and Martha Minow (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998), 151.
169 “A man could get”: Pohlman, The Whole Truth?, 318.
172 crimes against Muslims: Human Rights Watch, We Are Not the Enemy: Hate Crimes Against Arabs, Muslims and Those Perceived to Be Arab or Muslim after September 11 (report, Human Rights Watch, New York, 2002), https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/usahate/.
175 “Informant: They didn’t”: This passage is taken verbatim from defense motions filed in federal court. Any alterations or emphasis added was done by that legal team.
Chapter 15
178 performed on LaRue: Earl Swift, “The Stranger in the Shelter,” Outside, November 5, 2018, www.outsideonline.com/2359316/appalachian-trail-shelter-first-murder-1974.
Chapter 16
190 logic and inquiry: Kim D. Rossmo and Jocelyn M. Pollock, “Confirmation Bias and Other Systemic Causes of Wrongful Convictions: A Sentinel Events Perspective,” Northeastern University Law Review 11, no. 2 (2019): 790–835.
193 do so undetected: Blaine Harden, “The Banality of Gary: A Green River Chiller,” Washington Post, November 16, 2003, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2003/11/16/the-banality-of-gary-a-green-river-chiller/2d9575c7-6843-4ec3-9517-72cd3ecdd9b0/.
Chapter 17
196 “patriarchal law and order”: Kate Manne, Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018), 74.
Chapter 18
206 the state altered: Margaret Edds, An Expendable Man: The Near Execution of Earl Washington Jr. (New York: New York University Press, 2003).
Chapter 20
224 Jeff and Amy: At their request, I have changed their first names.
235 “serious problems”: Qtd. in Paul Berkowitz, The Case of the Indian Trader: Billy Malone and the National Park Service Investigation at Hubbell Trading Post (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2011), Kindle location 1607 of 7041.
236 corruption remains rampant: Legacy of the Yosemite Mafia: The Ranger Image and Noble Cause Corruption in the National Park Service (Waltherville, OR: TrineDay, 2017).
237 crimes ever occurred: Ibid.
237 deficiencies in training: Office of the Inspector General, Assessment of the Department of the Interior’s Law Enforcement Activities (GAO 2002-I-0014, Washington, DC, January 14, 2002), www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-DOI-IGREPORTS-2002-i-0014/html/GPO-DOI-IGREPORTS-2002-i-0014.htm.
238 part of law enforcement: Samuel R. Gross, Maurice J. Possley, Kaitlin Jackson Roll, and Klara Huber Stephens, Government Misconduct and Convicting the Innocent: The Role of Prosecutors, Police and Other Law Enforcement (report, National Registry of Exonerations, Washington, DC, 2020).
Chapter 22
248 “known and respected”: Mike German, Disrupt, Discredit and Divide: How the New FBI Damages Democracy (New York: New Press, 2019), 27.
249 “unmanageable, unaccountable”: Ibid., 53.
258 “Most experienced”: Ibid., 78.
Chapter 24
276 load of laundry: Erin Murphy, Inside the Cell: The Dark Side of Forensic DNA (New York: Bold Type Books, 2015).
About the Author
Kathryn Miles is the author of five books. Her essays and articles have appeared in publications such as Audubon, Best American Essays, Best American Sports Writing, the BostonGlobe, the New York Times, Outside, Politico, and Time. A contributing editor at Down East magazine, Miles also serves as a scholar-in-residence for the Maine Humanities Council and as a faculty member in several MFA programs. Her website is www.kathrynmiles.net.
Published by
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© 2022 by Kathryn Miles. All rights reserved.
Maps by Margot Carpenter, Hartdale Maps.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021057136
eISBN: ISBN 978-1-64375-293-8
Kathryn Miles, Trailed
